The Culture of Naming

名以正体,字以表德。
The name sets the form; the courtesy name expresses the virtue.
Behind every Chinese name lies an ancient system of principles,
elements, zodiac signs, and careful taboos.

义

The Five Principles

From the Zuo Zhuan, 706 BCE

Duke Huan of Lu asked minister Shen Xu about naming. His reply — xin, yi, xiang, jia, lei — became the foundation of Chinese naming theory for 2,700 years.

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行

Five Elements & Names

Metal · Wood · Water · Fire · Earth

The Five Elements generate and overcome each other in endless cycles. For centuries, Chinese naming has drawn on this system to balance a person's elemental constitution.

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肖

Zodiac & Names

Twelve Earthly Branches · Twelve Animals

Each zodiac animal has preferred and forbidden character radicals — a folk tradition that influences which characters parents choose for their child's name.

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讳

Naming Taboos

Avoidance · Homophone · Auspiciousness

A name must not clash with elders or emperors, carry ominous meaning, or sound like something unfortunate when read aloud. The rules that shaped Chinese names for millennia.

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